Wellington Office:
What You Need to Know About Gum Disease
Gum disease—also called periodontal disease—is an infection of the gums and structures supporting your teeth. Plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, is the main cause when it’s not properly removed by brushing, flossing, and regular dental care. If left untreated, gum disease can lead to severe issues, including tooth loss. Early detection is key, which is why regular dental checkups are essential.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis is an early stage of gum disease caused by plaque buildup along the gumline. Common signs include redness, swelling, and bleeding during brushing or flossing. With proper oral hygiene and regular dental care, gingivitis is reversible and can be managed before it progresses to more serious gum conditions.
Periodontitis
Periodontitis is an advanced form of gum disease that affects the tissues and bone supporting the teeth. It can lead to gum recession, deep pockets, and loose teeth if untreated. Early diagnosis and ongoing care help control infection, protect bone structure, and maintain long-term oral health.
Prophy vs Scaling and Root Planing
Prophy (professional cleaning) and scaling and root planing treat different levels of gum health. Prophy removes plaque and tartar above the gumline to maintain healthy gums. Scaling and root planing is a deeper procedure that cleans below the gumline, targeting infection and helping manage gum disease progression.
Plaque and Calculus
Plaque is a soft, sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth daily, while calculus (tartar) is hardened plaque that cannot be removed by brushing alone. If not managed, both can irritate gums and lead to decay or gum disease. Regular hygiene and professional cleanings help keep buildup under control.
Consequences of Bone Loss
Bone loss in the jaw weakens the support structure around teeth, often caused by untreated gum disease or missing teeth. It can lead to loose teeth, bite changes, and facial changes over time. Early detection and treatment help slow progression and preserve both function and overall oral health.
Gingival Recession
Gingival recession occurs when the gum tissue pulls away from the teeth, exposing the root surface. This can lead to sensitivity, increased risk of decay, and changes in appearance. Early evaluation helps identify causes and guide care to protect the gums and maintain long-term oral health.
Peri-Implant Mucositis
Peri-implant mucositis is inflammation of the gum tissue around a dental implant, often caused by plaque buildup. Symptoms may include redness, swelling, and bleeding. When identified early, it can be managed with proper cleaning and professional care to prevent progression to more serious implant complications.
Peri-Implantitis
Peri-implantitis is a more advanced condition affecting the tissues and bone around a dental implant. It develops from untreated inflammation and can lead to bone loss and implant instability. Early diagnosis and targeted care are essential to control infection, protect surrounding structures, and maintain long-term implant health.
What Causes Gum Disease?
Gum disease develops when plaque and tartar accumulate on the teeth and along the gumline. Bacteria in plaque irritate the gums, leading to inflammation and infection. If plaque isn’t removed:
- It hardens into tartar (calculus) and continues to irritate gums.
- Inflammation can spread beneath the gumline, forming pockets around the teeth that trap bacteria.
- The supporting bone and tissues can break down over time.
Risk factors that increase your chances of gum disease include:
- Smoking or tobacco use
- Diabetes or other chronic health conditions
- Hormonal changes (e.g., pregnancy)
- Certain medications that reduce saliva flow
- Crooked teeth or poorly fitting restorations
- Infrequent dental visits
Signs and Symptoms to Watch For
Signs of gum disease often include bleeding gums, red or swollen gums, and bad breath. As the condition progresses, you may notice your gums pulling away from your teeth, loose teeth, or discomfort while chewing. Since gum disease can develop without noticeable symptoms, regular exams are crucial for detection.
Stages of Gum Disease
- Gingivitis is the mildest form of gum disease. Gums become swollen and bleed easily, but there is no permanent damage. Gingivitis can be reversed with proper care, including professional cleaning and improved oral hygiene.
- Periodontitis occurs when gingivitis is left untreated. This stage can lead to the destruction of the supporting tissues and bone around your teeth, which may result in tooth mobility or even tooth loss. It’s harder to reverse periodontitis, but it can be managed with treatment.
Treating Gum Disease
The treatment for gum disease depends on its stage:
For early stages, scaling and root planing (deep cleaning) can help remove plaque and tartar from beneath the gumline and smooth the tooth roots. If the disease has progressed further, surgical treatments may be necessary to reduce pockets around the teeth or regenerate lost bone and tissue.
Preventing Gum Disease
The best way to keep your gums healthy is to combine professional dental care with excellent daily habits:
- Brush your teeth twice a day
- Floss daily to remove plaque between teeth
- Visit your dentist regularly for cleanings and exams
- Avoid tobacco and manage conditions like diabetes
- Maintain a balanced diet and hydration
Early detection and consistent care can help you avoid the progression of gum disease and protect your long‑term oral health.
